We are happy to announce the Third Forgotten Female Bodies Workshop: Views from Enactivism and Evo-Devo. This international meeting will bring together scholars from different disciplines to explore how feminist perspectives intersect with philosophy of biology, cognitive science, and embodied approaches.

One-Day workshop

Donostia, 26 September 2025
Batzar Aretoa – Sala de Juntas (HEFA I)

Speakers:

Anna Ciaunica (Univ. Lisbon)
Enara García (Univ. Southern Denmark)
Laura Mojica (EHU)
Laura Nuño de la Rosa (UCM)
Mihaela Pavlicev (Univ. Vienna)

Organizers:

IAS Research Group for Life, Mind and Society
Alejandra Martínez-Quintero, David Cortés-García & Arantza Etxeberria

Program:

Abstracts

Laura Nuño de la Rosa: Is Sex a character? Modularising sexual differences

Debates about the concept of sex often stall because sex is treated as a property of individuals rather than of characters. I challenge such definitions and instead propose analyzing how sexual characters are individuated in evolutionary biology. Using pregnancy and female orgasm as case studies, I compare selectionist and evo-devo criteria, highlighting their strengths and limits. Viewing sex as an attribute of developmentally individuated characters explains why sexual traits are only loosely correlated, enables explanatory generalizations across species, accommodates continuous variation, and provides a coherent framework for intersex and hermaphroditic individuals.

Anna Ciaunica: The Forgotten Body: The Emergence of Conscious Experiences in Early Life

The search for the neural correlates of consciousness has been influential in the past decades. Yet, tackling the fascinating question of the emergence of early subjective experiences through an individualistic, adult-biased, and neuro-centric lens may be misleading. The key idea is that developmentally speaking, one must first examine how cells (and not just neurons) operate in tandem to sustain the self-organisation of the human organism as a whole.  Here I argue that the hard problem of consciousness cannot be addressed without putting the forgotten body back into the picture. This includes the necessary presence of the other body (i.e. the pregnant person) too, without which the fascinating journey of conscious life wouldn’t be possible tout court. 

Laura Mojica: Implicated Recognition and the Grounding of Normativity

A central challenge in explaining cognition is showing how normativity is grounded beyond individuals’ self-individuation and immediate interactions. A common strategy appeals to social practices, but it remains unclear how they ground normativity. Without such an account, references to practices risk circularity in grounding meaning, skill, and value. I argue that recognition provides the solution, not only as rational attribution or shared intelligibility, but also as an implicated, dialectical interaction in which self and other are sustained and transformed. Drawing on enactive epistemology, I situate recognition within a virtual field where even fleeting encounters presuppose the other’s potential for deeper, transformative interaction. 

Mihaela Pavlicev: Integrity of eutherian feto-maternal interface

Eutherian pregnancy is an intriguing phenomenon, as its evolutionary origin required circumventing a number of biological “rules” otherwise considered necessary to maintain the integrity of an organism. These novel “circumventions”  entail attachment and breaching of the epithelium with inflammation, yet without rejection by the innate immune system, maintaining an open wound over prolonged period of time, and overcoming of the allograft rejection. I will talk about a novel way to think about one of these novelties, namely the ability of maternal and fetal cells to organize into a common tissue unit.

Enara García: The Path-Dependent Mind: Individuation, Vulnerability, and the Ontogenesis of Mental Conditions

The enactive approach to mental conditions offers an alternative to neurocentric, static models, adopting a processual and relational ontology of mind and its disorders. Proposed as a framework for individualized dynamic network models, it highlights tensions with network theories that emphasize synchronic explanations (causal, mechanistic, topological). Instead, enactivism advocates an ontogenetic explanation, viewing conditions as entwined with developmental individuation. This paper proposes integrating ontogenetic explanations into network models through propensity-based accounts. Incorporating developmental processes fosters dynamic, preventive, and vulnerability-based paradigms in psychiatry, aligning with the principles of neurodiversity and “forgotten minds”.

If you want to do a PhD with us within the Outagencies project, we have just opened a PhD studentship grant application for a 4-year scholarship. Here is some relevant information:

SUMMARY: Opportunity to join us at the IAS-Research Center for Life, Mind, and Society [https://ias-research.net] at the University of the Basque Country (San Sebastián) for a PhD studentship within the “Outagencies: Varieties of autonomous agency across living, humanimal, and technical systems” project [https://outonomy.net/project-description/]: an interdisciplinary exploration of agency across philosophy, biology, AI, and social sciences. We welcome passionate candidates from any background aligned with our research themes, who bring strong motivation, English proficiency, and a robust academic profile.
Deadline: November 18th, 2024
Pre-submission here: https://forms.gle/AGAHu6osrSUJ4Bxd9
Official submission here: https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/ikerketaren-kudeaketa/-/fpi-2024_upv_ehu
Salary: €19,500-€25,000 annually during 4 years (salary increases every year)
Duration: 4 years starting early 2025
More updated information: https://outonomy.net/?p=335

A new position is open for a 6-month full-time post-doc contract at IAS-Research.

Deadine for application: June 11th (2021).

The contract will extend from July 1st to December 31st (2021).

Among other documents, the interested candidates should present:

1. PhD title
2. Updated CV
3. Motivation letter (max. 2p.)
4. Language titles (English & Basque) — if you have any.

More details on the application procedure (please, read carefully and follow the instructions):

https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/iip/-/conv_pers_invest_01_06_2021

In additon, please, let us know that you are applying through an e-mail message to kepa.ruiz-mirazo@ehu.eus, including the CV and the motivation letter presented.

To participate, please contact: alejandra.mtz.quintero@gmail.com

On May 18, 2021, at 11:30. This session consists of three small talks:

Izar Agirresarobe-Pineda (EHU/UPV) and Iñigo R. Arandia (EHU/UPV)

1. “Placebo, addictions, and the interplay between pre-reflective and reflective activity”

Background: Placebo and addictive phenomena share a controversy between reflective volition and uncontrollable bodily responses. Motivated by the conscious/nonconscious divide, they also share explanations in terms of (conscious) expectations and (nonconscious) conditioning. However, this dichotomy is problematic: it assumes a passive mechanistic account of bodies difficult to extrapolate beyond controlled experimental settings, and it renders the nonconscious as an almost inaccessible black-box.

Methods: We assess empirical evidence and theoretical explanations on placebo and addictive phenomena employing the dynamic interplay between pre-reflective (more implicit and automatized) and reflective (more explicit and controllable) aspects of agency derived from embodied cognitive science. We take the intersubjective domain as constitutive of experience, following the notion of “ontological intimacy” developed by philosopher Kym Maclaren.

Results: The pre-reflective/reflective interplay allows to investigate the influence of habits and other interrelated behavioral patterns, personal narratives, and a variety of tacit interactive elements (body language, speech tone, moods, atmospheres) that are fundamental to understand placebo phenomena and addictive behavior. Social interactions, including therapeutic encounters, cannot be reduced to exchanges of information that shape expectations only in a reflective manner. Social encounters always affect (positively or negatively) the ongoing constitution of our personhood in pre-reflective and reflective ways.

Conclusions: We suggest placebo and addictive phenomena should be investigated as meaningful interactive experiences involving a dynamic interplay between pre-reflective and reflective activity. This interplay, capturing essential sensorimotor and intersubjective influences, offers more flexibility than the conscious/nonconscious dichotomy. These categories might also provide insights for other conditions such as phobias or traumas.

Iñigo R. Arandia (UPV/EHU)

2. “Placebo from an Enactive Perspective”

Background: A set of problematic assumptions pervades research into placebo effects. These include various kinds of dualisms (physiology/psychology, object/subject, known/knower), and tendencies towards reductive explanations based on passive individuals and mechanistic conceptions of the body.
Methods: We review an alternative theoretical framework in embodied cognitive science that rejects these assumptions—the enactive approach to life and mind—and evaluate the conceptual tools it offers for placebo research. We overview enactive concepts such as dimensions of embodiment, agency, and sense-making. We also introduce the ontology of individuation developed by Gilbert Simondon to offer a processual account of placebo phenomena.
Results: Based on empirical evidence, we interpret placebo interventions not as originating causal chains, but as triggers in the regulation of existing tensions between bodily and interpersonal processes. These processes involve looping effects through three intertwined dimensions of embodiment: organic, sensorimotor, and intersubjective. From this perspective, placebo responses are individuation processes triggered to regulate ongoing tensions in biopsychosocial processes. We defend the need to investigate therapeutic interactions in terms of participatory sense-making, going beyond the identification of individual social traits that modulate placebo effects to the investigation of patterns and kinds of social interaction.
Conclusions: We offer enactive proposals to overcome limiting assumptions common in placebo research and clinical practice, and discuss their resonances and differences with traditional explanations in terms of expectations and conditioning, and other approaches based on meaning responses and phenomenological/ecological ideas.

Iñigo R. Arandia (UPV/EHU)

3. “Social Interaction and Not Just Social Skills Affect Placebo Phenomena”

Background: Placebo effects are not predictable nor easily manipulable at an individual level. We suggest that a poor understanding of individual experiences and of social interactions contributes to discrepancies between placebo as robust group effects, and individual variability. Social influences on placebo are considered as external factors to be controlled for. The focus is on individual social traits, reducing the complex interactive experience to personal expectations, personality traits, motivational goals, or beliefs, downplaying interactive aspects such as patterns of coordination, asymmetries, and dissonances.
Methods: Following the enactive concept of participatory sense-making, we propose that a kind of interactive autonomy emerges in the therapeutic encounter, constituting a third element that depends on both patient and practitioner but is not controllable by either. Social interaction cannot be reduced to information transmission shaped by individual characteristics (empathy, trust, warmth).
Results: A successful encounter demands the capacity of relatedness from both sides in order to construct shared meaning and adequately modulate hopes and expectations. The few studies that gather data about interaction dynamics support the hypothesis that engaged forms of participation correlate with placebo effects. This perspective is compatible with the ‘placebo by proxy’ hypothesis and can account for evidence showing the impact of parental expectations on placebo effects in children.
Conclusions: Looking at phenomenological, anthropological and biomedical research, we show the necessity to investigate concrete situated and interactive experiences to gain generalization ability. Enactive theory bridges the gap between placebo effects measured at the group level and variability at the individual level.

Bio: Izar Agirresarobe-Pineda (EHU/UPV) and Iñigo R. Arandia (EHU/UPV)